> > why clutter up the table which is most likely to be used in >> every single query to the db? > >good point > >seems like you're well on the way to knowing when to break the rules still, i can't claim the 4th and 5th normal rules don't scare me!!! <tip type="db normalization"> FWIW: 'A simple guide to database normalization' is available here: http://home.earthlink.net/~billkent/Doc/simple5.htm </tip> -- Andrew Forsberg --- uberNET - http://uber.net.nz/ the pander - http://thepander.co.nz/