ah, I see I need to cite my sources, provide backup, etc: *** http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.4.2 Title Element: "Start tag: required, End tag: required" now contrast this with: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.3 HTML Element: "Start tag: optional, End tag: optional" http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.4.1 Head Element: "Start tag: optional, End tag: optional" http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/global.html#h-7.5.1 Body Element: "Start tag: optional, End tag: optional" *** Erika _________________________________ Lindsay Evans wrote: >HTML is the root element for a html document, if the root element isn't >present then it isn't valid. >-- > Lindsay Evans. > Developer, > Red Square Productions. > > [p] 8596.4000 > [f] 8596.4001 > [w] www.redsquare.com.au --